Preventing Alcoholism - 1636 Words

Introduction Alcoholism affects all elements of health. Overuse of alcohol affects physical health as it affects the functioning of the liver; mental health as it affects the ability to think clearly and coherently; emotional health as it affects the ability to recognise and express emotions correctly. Social health is affected as alcohol may affect a person’s ability to create and maintain relationships, finally and most importantly it affects societal health as the individuals actions can have an adverse affect on everyone around them. Alcohol related injuries and diseases are the cause of 207, 800 National Health Service (NHS) admissions in 2006 compared to 93, 500 in 1996. ¹ This increase of more than 100% justifies my health†¦show more content†¦The Piccadilly Project is a supportive and informative leaflet, outlining the services the organisation provides both to people with alcohol problems and their friends and relatives. It also focuses on drinking guidelines for the alcohol user to make drinking alcohol safer. It provides diagrams showing weekly alcohol unit consumption as either low risk, hazardous or harmful for both men and women. It also provides a telephone number and map with directions to the organisations office and their opening hours. The colour red is used in the leaflet for the front cover, the subtitles and the harmful section of the diagram, this indicates danger to the reader and reinforces the point that over-consumption of alcohol is dangerous. Safer Communities is more of a supp ortive and preventative leaflet as it provides details of the risks to health of excess alcohol consumption in order for the reader to understand their drinking and guidelines on how to drink less. It provides a quiz allowing the reader to assess whether it would be advisable to see further advice on alcohol consumption, it includes pictures of alcohol inside the leaflet and corks on the front cover to grab and hold the readers attention. Both leaflets health promotion strategies are appropriate to an extent, but neither are perfect. The Safer Communities leaflet address the issue, explain theShow MoreRelatedPreventing Drugs, Alcoholism, Smoking, And Drugs1249 Words   |  5 PagesFor many people, rehabilitation to help stop drugs, alcoholism or smoking is a daily part of their life. The majority considers rehab very grueling and it can be hard to keep up with the tasks outlined in rehabilitation plans. Three of the most common addictions needing rehabilitation are alcohol, smoking, and drugs. All of these different addictions can lead to severe illness or death. They also can totally alter one’s mindset, resulting in a mentally imbalance and potentially poor decisions. 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How Are Mobile Phones Changing the Way People Maintain Relationships Free Essays

CULTURAL AWARENESS How are mobile phones changing the way people maintain relationships? INTRODUCTION Mobile phones are increasingly taking a major role in the communication revolution and the use of the mobile phone is an immensely significant social and cultural phenomenon, hence over the years, the telephone has dramatically changed how people live their lives, see their world and communicate. As we read in Ferraro ( 2002: 29 ) â€Å"all cultures experience continual change†, however nowadays the process of a change is even more intensified, more dynamic and much quicker. A lot of that has to do with the development of mobile telephone technology. We will write a custom essay sample on How Are Mobile Phones Changing the Way People Maintain Relationships or any similar topic only for you Order Now In referring to the drivers of change, we cannot forget about phenomenon of globalization which affects our modern lifestyle. In today’s world we live in a fast-pace, where maintaining relationships is made difficult by the fact we have less time for social bonding, and communication is often very limited. Here comes into importance the technology of the mobile phone, as it gives the opportunity to talk to anyone, anywhere at any time. Since mobile phones have become an increasingly important tool in social interaction, the purpose of this research project is to gain insight into the mobile technology phenomenon and to understand better how it affects the way people maintain relationships by linking it to the theoretical background of social construction and selective perception. The report consists of four major sections. Firstly, theoretical background will be presented, followed up by the explanation of methodology used. Then the findings of the primary research will be presented, followed up by an overall analysis of information gathered. Finally, a conclusion will be given. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Before investigating the influence that mobile phones have had on the way the relationships are maintained, it is crucial to understand the connection between communication and culture. According to Hall (1977) â€Å"Culture is communication and communication is culture†, from which we can deduce that the way we communicate expresses our culture. Therefore, any shift in the way we communicate has an influence on our culture, our perception , our behavior and the social construction. Let us take a look at the social construction. Why does this concept need to be mentioned? The answers is that we, as members of the society, are assembling ways of seeing things, while at the same time shaping our expectations and behavior. As culture is maintained by social construction, we learn culture every day. We learned to use mobile phones on a daily basis, letting them become inseparable part of our daily routine. Here another concept comes into importance, namely perception. Culture, and at the same time communication, performs an important role in how we perceive and understand reality. According to Gamble and Gamble (1996), (in Samovar et al, 2007: 128-130), we select, interpret and organize data in order to make sense of our world. And being exposed to similar experiences, culture creates similar meaning and behavior, which is called selective perception. It is truly incredible how fast mobile phones have caused a change in social construction and the way people perceive communication and social bonding. Sections below intend to explain how exactly mobile phones are changing the way people maintain relationships. METHODOLOGY In order to find out how the mobile technology is influencing the way the relationships are maintained in Britain , several methods were used to study the behavior of mobile phone users. Firstly, during a period of 4 weeks, in a variety of settings, using an observation, I observed the behavior of mobile phone users, by listening to their conversations and observing their approach to phone conversations, texting and using their mobile for various purposes. This was followed up by 2 individual and 2 focus group discussions. I found the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions most appropriate for my research, as they gave a lot of qualitative information and let the people who were being interviewed express themselves and their opinions fully, which would not be the case if I decided to use questionnaires . FINDINGS As indicated before, for the research methods I have used an observation, two in-depth interviews and also two focus group discussions. During the period of observation I have noticed many different behaviors regarding mobile phone usage, however for the purpose of this report, only the ones which apply to the topic have been listed below: * On the bus: 10 out of 25 people were using their phone in some way * On the bus: 7 out of 25 people received or made a phone call within 45 min time frame * At the university: at least 1/3 of people gathered in a mutual area were talking or texting on their mobiles * In the cafe: All individuals sitting alone had a mobile phone either on the table or in usage It can be argued that mobile phones are increasingly used by people, for they are new communication tools. Since mobile communication is an uprising issue, the above observations conducted me to bring forth questions for further investigation on how mobile phones are influencing the way people maintain relationships. The sample for the qualitative research method included 10 people [male and female] (for both interviews and focus group discussions). The answers were mostly collected from the age group 20-30 years old. All participants were believed to be in a peaceful state, important in concluding the honesty and quality of the answers given as they were unaffected by an unnatural sate of nervousness. To better understand how relationships are maintained in today’s society and to get a better view of the issue discussed, first the respondents were asked to describe how they communicate with their family and friends. Their instant response was via phone calls, text messages, facebook, skype, and instant messengers like WhatsApp . Only one person said that they maintain face to face contact with family. Since the respondents indicated mobile phones as means through which they often communicate with their contacts, this initiated a series of questions. Asked how the phones changed/are changing the way people maintain relationships, the respondents said that nowadays people maintain more contact, call more, send messages, and claim that it has made the communication very easy. However on the other hand the contact is possibly superficial as you may keep in touch with people you do not care for as much. A female respondent argued that â€Å"It has made people lazy in certain aspects, because all you have to do is pick up a phone and call someone instead of making an effort and meet that person. So it has made us lazy, but on the other hand it’s very efficient, especially if you have something to do, when you are in a rush. As for the time when people tend to call their contacts, many respondents indicated afternoon or evening, saying that they make phone calls or send texts when travelling (primarily walking or when on a bus), because that is when they have some free time between other activities. As one female respondent said â€Å" it’s all about time†. The majority of respondents argued that speaking on the phone influences the way we speak to one another and they also admitted they do it themselves. Primarily because when on the ph one one can get interrupted easily, especially when multi-tasking. Also they argued that you usually make everything briefer on the phone, because when you talk you can be distracted by many things that are happening around you. In the case of new relationships, people tend to be more comfortable and open over the phone, especially considering text messages. Two female respondents said that it is easier to speak to another person differently if you do not really know her/him and also said that phones give means to hide certain things that you do not wish to reveal â€Å"because the other person cannot see my face so they do not know what I am feeling†. The change in non-verbal communication must also be mentioned here, as the majority of respondents admitted that they use their phone as an excuse to avoid speaking to someone. The statement of the male respondent confirmed that : â€Å"I have pretended I was on the phone when I did not want to talk to someone, you just want to pretend that you are doing something, it shuts you off, because it is not very socially acceptable to interrupt somebody who is having a conversation†. Furthermore, some respondents claimed they used their phone as a form of security and protection. One male respondent said : â€Å" My friend is always on the phone when she feels nervous†. A female respondent said that she feels safer knowing she can always call somebody to get help, or when in the bar waiting for some friends, she claimed she takes phone out to make people think she is busy, using phone as a bodyguard. Respondents were also asked to indicate positive and negative aspects of mobile phone usage in terms of aintaining relationships. As a positive they pointed out the fact that communication has become very efficient, easy, cheap, and also allows one to keep in touch more readily with family and friends, to arrange meetings and to develop new relationships. On the other hand respondents indicated that it has been made too easy, â€Å"because we do not even have to go out anymore to meet our friends†. They said the contact is not as real and might be takin g away some value of a real friendship. As a male respondent said â€Å"You may have a long conversation over the phone with someone, then you meet up in real life and it is like you do not really know each other, you can find awkwardness sometimes. † Ultimately, the respondents mutually agreed on the statement that mobile phones help maintain relationships. As a female respondent said â€Å"it’s a constant reminder that you are thinking of someone and they are thinking of you, and that you want to stay in their lives, and that is maintaining relationships†. At the end the respondents were asked to express their view on how the social interaction looked like before the mobile phones became so popular. They said that people were sending more letters and cards, than nowadays. Also people used to interact with each other more, however they would meet with less people, only close family and friends that lived nearby. Now, as they confirmed, it is possible to keep in touch with friends that are on the other side of the world, because you are constantly available on the mobile. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS The importance of this research is that it explains behavior noticed during the observation and analyses the information gathered during the individual interviews and the focus group discussions . After investigating the subject area, I have found that mobile phones are influencing change of some of the underlying cultural values in Britain, for instance, bonds within close social circles, the meaning of time and communication patterns, which then influences the way people see their reality and perceive certain things and behaviors. As culture is maintained by social construction, we learn culture every day. We learned to use mobile phones on a daily basis, letting them become inseparable part of our daily routine, which created patterns and made them become something which we perceive as normal. Nowadays, we claim mobiles necessary to socialize, they became a tool for developing new contacts, maintaining a friendship network and arranging meetings. In the last 10-15 years we have been exposed to similar experiences of communication. Mobile phone communication has become as natural as going to the shop and buying bread each morning. Our behavior has been shaped by the regular use of mobile phone, so that many people nowadays cannot imagine to spend a day without it, they even claim they would feel lost without it (Fox, 2001). As we read in â€Å"Towards a sociology of the mobile phone†( McGuigan, 2005), we perceive the mobile phone as an extension to the body, sometimes even feel naked without it. We tend to keep our phones nearby, in our pocket, in our hand, making us always contactable and available, for someone from our social network. We feel like there is always something to be said and when we get the message we tend to write or call back as soon as possible We did not even noticed that we are increasingly dependent on the mobile phone technology in terms of social interaction. Mobile phones, as proven by this research project and many others, have gained protection and security status. We increasingly depend on our phones in situations of distress, they give us reassurance and sensation of being secure, for instance walking late at night. Why do we feel secure? Well, we can always call somebody, let them know where we are, gain a feeling of unreliable reassurance, as the person you have contacted may be miles away, not really being able to help us in certain situation. On the other hand, phones are used for protection in the situation when we want to avoid contact with someone, for instance in a bar or in a coffee shop. When one does not wish to be approached, it is enough to put a phone on the table and look it up from time to time. With the British â€Å"obsession† about privacy, it would be simply considered rude and socially unacceptable to interrupt someone who is busy. That lead me to consider one of the Hall’s dimensions (Hall, 1976). It may be that communication in Britain is becoming more high-context oriented. Mobiles can not only be used as mean of protection, but perhaps also as a barrier. When we do not want to talk to someone we know on the bus, it is enough to pretend we are busy with our mobile. We may acknowledge the other person’s presence but we would immediately go back to looking at the phone. The message is clear to both sides – â€Å"I do not really want to talk right now†. Also , another example of high context approach is: when a person is not responding to our messages or phone calls, it may mean that he or she does not wish to speak to us, on the other hand, subtle signal, known as â€Å"giving the buzz†often means â€Å"I am thinking of you†. As we can see there are many examples of high-context communication within mobile phone influence on the way people maintain relationships, however it does not necessarily mean all communication in Britain is becoming high-context. Another change in terms of social construction is that via technology we are now able to keep in touch with more people than before, it is deemed normal to have a large net of social connections. Why is that? Perhaps, the distance seems shorter, because another person is just a phone call away. Before, we used to have more face-to- face interactions, but they were restricted to the close circle of friends and family that lived in the same geographic area. Therefore we maintain more contact, but it is possible it has become much more superficial. Considering the lack of openness in social interaction, mobile phones seem to facilitate interpersonal contacts and act like an ice-breaker. It is easy to send a message and it is nice to receive one in return, but the issue to consider is whether we can really count on that person. Mobile phones therefore might be depriving values of real friendship and in fact people may feel very alone, even though they have 300 contacts in their mobile device. There has been a behavioral shift in terms of social construction, for as a society, we have become more lazy and comfortable. As the other person is reachable on their mobile at all times, we have adapted the pattern of calling and not necessarily meeting with friends and family, which can sometimes be dangerous, because it deprives us of developing social skills. It has also been proven that we speak to each other differently on the phone than when talking face to face. Considering there is no visible contact, we cannot see expressions on our interlocutor’s face and his/her body language. People may be making faces and rolling their eyes and we would not know! Also if we do not want to say something, we can easily avoid doing that, because since there are no facial expressions, the interlocutor would not notice the difference. And nowadays, especially with text messages, you can almost pretend to be someone you are not! Speaking on the phone or texting gives some people the confidence they do not have in face-to-face interactions, especially in the reserved British culture. How did the use of the mobile change the way we perceive communication? We communicate when we have free time, as the respondents said, we are using â€Å"time in between†, when we are walking, when on the bus. Is it not all about time nowadays? As time is limited, which suggest monochromic orientation (Hall, 1983:42), and with the lack of time we have these days , we use every free moment we have to get in touch with people. But since these conversations are being conducted when we are on the go, it may deprive of the focus and dedication we would give this other person if we were talking to him/her face-to-face. Also, in terms of contact, we have a chance to keep in touch more often, but it is more about exchanging information than having real in-depth conversation with another person. People tend to divide time into little blocks in order to use it as efficiently as possible, tending to multi-task and combine many activities at a time. For instance, talking on the phone, checking emails, responding to messages, on the way to/from work, school, walking, sipping coffee – which again suggests a slight shift towards polychronic orientation. Time is considered limited, however nowadays we are trying to make the most of it, some would wish to even â€Å"save it† via multi-tasking. To conclude this section, we communicate more easily, more efficiently and more cheaply, but also we have created some needs and new obligations. Specialists claim that we are becoming addicted to technology, but the answer may be different. We are not as much addicted to technology, as to communicating with people. We are addicted to interacting with our social circle, and mobile phones facilitate the process of communication. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is no doubt that the spread of mobile communication is affecting our lives and the way we maintain relationships. Since technologically advanced information systems tend to encourage and facilitate communication and at the same time cultural interaction, it is understandable that they play an important part in influencing the way the communication is conducted and change the way people are perceiving certain situations, at the same time creating new ways of seeing reality and different behavior patterns. In the modern world we live in, the patterns of communication in Britain are rapidly changing. Mobile phones are increasingly used to help us establish, develop and maintain relationships. We see it as means to help us to bond and interact with our colleagues, friends and family. We perceive this new technology as a new approach to build social networks, and as a tool that makes our busy life easier. Word count: 3220 REFERENCES * FERRARO, G. P. (2002). The cultural dimension of international business 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 29 * FOX, K. (2001) Evolution, alienation and gossip: the role of mobile telecommunications in the 21st century. Social Issues Research Centre. Available from http://www. sirc. org/publik/gossip. shtml [Accessed on 15/11/2011 ] * GAMBLE, T. K. , GAMBLE,M. (1996). Communication works 5th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, pp. 77 * HALL, E. T. (1977) Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Doubleday, pp. 14 * HALL, E. T. (1983) The Dance of Life: Other Dimensions of Time. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, pp. 42 * McGUIGAN, J. (2005) Towards a sociology of the mobile phone. An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments. Vol. 1 , pp. 45-57. Available from : www. humantechnology. jyu. fi [Accessed on 17/11/2011] * SAMOVAR, L. A. , et al (2007). Communication between cultures 6th ed. Belmont, Calif: Thomson/Wadsworth, pp. 128-130 How to cite How Are Mobile Phones Changing the Way People Maintain Relationships, Essays

Marketing Strategies Engaging Digital Generation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategies Engaging Digital Generation. Answer: Introduction This report demonstrates about the digital communications plan for Woolworths Limited. The digital communications plan is significant for the organization due to enhancing growth and market share in long-term. The digital communication plan is used to successfully implement the strategies, which makes by organization to accomplish the objectives and goal significantly. The main aim of digital communication plan is to aware a large number of customers regarding the goods and services of Woolworths Limited. At the same time, it can also be said that the digital communication plan is significant to directly communicate with customers and identify the actual needs or requirements of customers regarding the goods and services of company. It could be effective to easily enhance the market share and makes a strong relationship with consumers in long-run (Armstrong, et al., 2015). WL (Woolworths Limited) is Australian organization, which is the biggest supermarket series. It has more than 996 stores across the Australia along with 116,000 employees in stores, and delivery centers. It also helps the administrative department to fulfill the needs and expectations of customers regarding the goods and services. It gets 96% of fruits from the Australian farmers and 100% of meat also collect from the local farmers and growers that can be supportive to provide the fresh fruit and meat to the Australian. In addition, it is also addressed that Woolworths is generally known for the fulfillment of the needs of consumers. Therefore, company gives the preference to the needs and requirements of the consumers. Furthermore, consumers mainly consider two things such as unique product and easy ways to the workshop. Therefore, company has provided the Woolworths Supermarket App to their customer, which is supportive to get all required things on the kitchen stall (Woolworths Gr oup, 2017). Digital Communication Platforms (DCP) Woolworths has currently used some significant ways to digital communication for directly interact with potential customers. These are Blogs, online groups, twitter, Facebook, multimedia sharing, and social bookmarking. These are supportive to enhance the revenue of company because it creates a positive image in the customers mind. The following Platforms of Digital communication should use by Woolworths to interact with potential customers in less time: Woolworths can use many digital communication platforms for interacting with customers and enhance the number of customers, which can directly affect the growth and profitability of company in long-term. The digital communication tools are social media, email marketing, video hosting, programmatic marketing, customer services, SEO (search engine optimization), and website analytics. These tools play a significant role to increase the growth of company in an efficient manner (Blakeman, 2014). These are discussed below: Woolworths limited can use the social media which consider some significant types of apps to direct communicate with customers and identify their actual desires regarding the products and services of company. These are Facebook, LinkedIn Groups, Twitter, Tumbler, Instagram, Flicker, Blogs, and YouTube. At the same time, company can use such sources of social media and enhance awareness within the customers towards company product and services. Hence, company can collect perception, feedback, and views of customers regarding the substitute products. Additionally, company can also examine the experience and expectation of consumers towards the goods and services of company. Email marketing is also a second best source to make a direct link with the customers. Additionally, an organization can use the email marketing to send commercial information or message to specified and potential customers of the company. At the same time, it is also found that each message, which is sent by email denoted as email marketing in the organization (Chaffey, et al., 2013). Company can also use the Video hosting apps whereas it uploads video related to the product and services and attracts more customers in less time and cost. The company can also collect the feedback regarding the product and services to eliminate the quality issues of product in a significant manner. At the same time, it can also be said that through the video hosting company can also directly communicate with potential customers in less time and cost. Programmatic marketing The programmatic marketing becomes a significant way of a digital marketing tool for attracting more customers regarding the products and services of organization. An organization can use programmatic marketing because it is a process where the software automatically buys, place and optimize the media inventory through bid system. Therefore, it can be said that this process could be effective to get accurate outcome in specified time. Customers are a move towards the application of online source because of getting the products and services in less time and manage their busy schedule. Hence, a customer has needed to manage their issues regarding the online sources so company has offered the customers services to their potential customers. In additionally, Woolworths can use Zendesk, vice call service, and live chat to eliminate the issues of consumers significantly (Grunig, 2013). Search Engine Optimization is also a significant tool for organization it is because SEO is a best way to present the information regarding the product and services of company. Additionally, SEO includes some significant apps such as Moz, SEMRush, and Screaming Frog to present the Woolworths information on web page significantly. It supports to attract more customers in less time and minimum cost in an effective manner. Website analytics plays a vital role in an organization because this tool helps to successfully provide the information regarding the website, web visitor, and visitors expectation and behavior. It can be essential to improve the performance of website and rates of communication level in long-term. Therefore, it is addressed that this tool can be more affecting than other digital platforms (Holliman, and Rowley, 2014). The main aim of digital communication platforms is to increase revenue and profit of organization. This aim can be achieved by using the following objectives: To increase product and services awareness through digital communication platforms by 30% To enhance the number of existing and potential customers by 45% To decline the customer's issues regarding the product and services of company by 40% To increase the response towards customer services by 35% Target audience The target audiences are people who have requisite of company product and services and the target place where company can present their information about the goods and services. At the same time, it can also be said that if company can only focus on twitter then they waste their time together with in case company can only focus on email marketing then they can also waste its time. But, when company can use the combined of different online sources and present their product information, then they could achieve more success in less time and cost. It could also be beneficial to make a strong relationship together with affecting the market share of company in long-term. An organization can target the audience of social media, email marketing, video hosting, blogs, and web content. It could offer favorable outcome to the company in long-run (Jrvinen, and Karjaluoto, 2015). Woolworths has used different approaches for increasing the demand of customers in long term. These approaches are mak ing one team, decline cost refines procedure, and making an interconnected brand, refresh supplies, and update brand offering. The following approaches should use by Woolworths to enhance the number of customers in long term: Woolworths can use some significant kinds of approaches to increase revenue and profit in long-term. These are using a time stamp, socially tag individual, secret promotion by Instagram, and make a team to respond people on Facebook. Others are a promotion by twitter, make a community on Pinterest, and address company social media. These tools are discussed below: Live chat and hang out demonstrate the wonderful appeal and permit Woolworths to develop trust and make a positive relationship with potential or target customers in long-run. Woolworths can also use the time stamp to emphasize important secession. If company wants to make a robust relationship with consumers then it has needed to present their activity on more than two social sites. Since, it will enhance the visibility by wonderful presence of product and services information on more than one social media sites. It could increase the awareness regarding the company product and services between the potential customers. Further, Woolworths can also address those sites where people are more active due to easily interacting with consumers and make a strong and long-term relationship significantly (Karjaluoto, et al., 2015) Woolworths can use Instagram to contact with consumers and make a positive relationship. Additionally, company can use the option of direct messaging and send the secret message to their potential customers and makes long term and trustworthy relationship (Keegan, et al., 2015). Woolworths can make a group to respond their potential customers because it could be significant to attract more customers regarding the company products and services. At the same time, it can also be said that Woolworths limited react on each wall post of Facebook, and comments to develop a favorable relationship and gain company image in Australia together with across the nation. Twitter is also a best way to attract more customers towards the company in less time and cost for the long run. Additionally, Twitter is more innovative tool to present the company information and interact with customers successfully. It provides three kinds of twitter advertising option such as tweets, endorsed styles, and endorsed accounts. The company has paid to twitter in case people react on promotional message. Hence, it can be found that Woolworths can enhance the customers in minimum investment (Killian, and McManus, 2015). Makes group on Pinterest Pinterest becomes second largest way regarding the traffic of a website. It is a best way to easily gain the fans or consumers in long-term. Further, it can be said that company can make a community on Pinterest and interact with group members to attract people for making a strong relationship with consumers. There are many organizations who have not demonstrated the actual idea or information, which they want to present in front of potential and expected customers. Hence, it can create complexities to customers for getting actual information regarding product and services of the specified company. Additionally, Woolworths should always keep in the mind regarding such kind of mistake in order to make a favorable image in mind of consumers, which affects the market share and growth of company in long-term. Woolworths can use Fresh Food for Customers as content. It demonstrates that an organization has offered the fresh food to their customers, which emotionally connect consumers to the company for a long period. At the same time, it can also be said that it also supports to make a positive relationship with potential buyers. Moreover, the content of company can also influence customers in first impression because it demonstrates the preference of company about consumers. Therefore, an organization should make an influencing content for attracting more customers in less time and cost (Parente, et al., 2014). Timelines and Budget for project The time and budget for this project is relied on specified objectives and investment cost. Additionally, the total estimated budget for this project is $ 300,000 to obtain estimated return on investment of $552,000 during 90 days. The below table demonstrates budget and time to accomplish whole project together with considering each factor of digital marketing communication tools (Parente, et al., 2014). Table 1: Timelines and Budget for digital communication project Digital Communication Platforms Estimated Time Period (in days) Estimated Budget (in $) Social Media Platforms Facebook 7 50000 LinkedIn Groups 5 90000 Twitter, 7 11500 Tumbler, 5 13000 Instagram, 7 170000 Flicker 6 70000 Blogs 7 3000 YouTube 7 11000 Customer services Zendesk 5 9000 Voice call 3 10000 Live Chat 9 11000 Web Analytics 5 29000 SEO 7 70000 Programmatic Marketing 5 3000 Video Hosting 5 1500 Conclusion As per the above conclusion, it can be concluded that the digital communication platforms are an effective tool for organization due to attract more customers in less time and cost. At the same time, digital communication tool is also supportive to makes a favorable relationship with potential consumers in long-term. It is also examined that there are some significant types of tools which are considered in the digital communication platforms such as social media, and programming marketing. Others are search engine optimization, video hosting, web analytics, email marketing, and customer services. Finally, it can be summarized that company content has also significant for making strong relationship with the customers in long-term. Additionally, it can also be said that company content can be supportive to make an emotional connection with the consumer for long-period, which could be essential for enhancing the market share of the company in a significant manner. Recommendation Woolworths should utilize some significant strategies to significantly improve the digital communication. These are specifying the targeted audience, build the unique brand image, and enhance marketing channels. Further, these factors are discussed below: The company should identify or segment the audience to effective digital communication. Further, it can be said that an organization should classify their audience on behalf of a demographic factor because it could be essential for wonderful digital communication. Moreover, Age, Race, Sex, Traditional experience, Education, and Employment description are considered in the demographic factor. The company can also improve the digital communication by building a unique brand image and trust among the consumers regarding company brand. At the same time, the company can develop trust in the marketplace by offering transparency regarding product and services (Chaffey, et al., 2013). The company has needed to implement the multiple marketing strategy or channel to improve the digital communication in long-term. Additionally, application of email marketing and mobile is the cheapest and easiest sources to directly communicate with targeted customers. At the same time, it could also be supportive to improve the digital communication in a significant manner (Keegan, et al., 2015). References Ab Hamid, N. R., Akhir, R. M., and Cheng, A. Y. (2013) Social media: an emerging dimension of marketing communication,Journal of management and marketing research,12, P. 1. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., and Brennan, R. (2015)Marketing: an introduction. USA: Pearson Education. Blakeman, R. (2014)Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. USA: Rowman and Littlefield. Chaffey, D., Smith, P. R., and Smith, P. R. (2013)eMarketing eXcellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. UK: Routledge. Grunig, J. E. (Ed.). (2013)Excellence in public relations and communication management. UK: Routledge. Holliman, G., and Rowley, J. (2014) Business to business digital content marketing: marketers perceptions of best practice,Journal of research in interactive marketing,8(4), pp. 269-293. Jrvinen, J., and Karjaluoto, H. (2015) The use of Web analytics for digital marketing performance measurement,Industrial Marketing Management,50, pp. 117-127. Karjaluoto, H., Mustonen, N., and Ulkuniemi, P. (2015) The role of digital channels in industrial marketing communications,Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing,30(6), pp. 703-710. Keegan, W. J., and Green, M. C. (2015)Global marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Killian, G., and McManus, K. (2015) A marketing communications approach for the digital era: Managerial guidelines for social media integration,Business Horizons,58(5), pp. 539-549. Parente, D., and Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2014)Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. USA: Cengage Learning. Parente, D., and Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2014)Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. USA: Cengage Learning. Ryan, D. (2016)Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. Stone, M. D., and Woodcock, N. D. (2014) Interactive, direct and digital marketing: A future that depends on better use of business intelligence,Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing,8(1), pp. 4-17. Tiago, M. T. P. M. B., and Verssimo, J. M. C. (2014) Digital marketing and social media: Why bother,Business Horizons,57(6), pp. 703-708. Woolworths Group. (2017) about us. [Online]. available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/supermarkets/Woolworths (Accessed: 26 August 2017).

The Lady of Shallot Lady of Shalotts Essay Example For Students

The Lady of Shallot Lady of Shalotts Essay The Lady of Shallot Alfred, Lord Tennyson, was known for his pictorial poetry, characterizes as painterly, picturesque with visual detail and images that represent mood, situation and carry emotion (ENG 103 Lecture on Victorian Age and Literature). The imagery of emotion is especially evident in the poets depiction of nature, in the form of melancholy. In examining The Lady of Shallot, the sense of eminent gloom of destiny is illustrated. Through the personification of nature, a vivid glimpse into a lady doomed by her fate. A picture is illuminated in the description 0f where the lady dwells. The reader gets a feel for the separation of the lady and her threatening destiny, in the imagery of her natural surroundings. This can be seen with Willows whiten, aspens whiten, aspens quiver, /little breezes dusk and shiver (The Longman Anthology Of British Literature, p. We will write a custom essay on The Lady of Shallot Lady of Shalotts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1913, LL. 10-11). The fear brought on by quiver and Shiver, suggests the nature elements know what lies ahead, which is Camelot. The fearful destiny of the lady can be visualized with the description of her isolation on an island, in which the river is flowing down to Camelot. The melancholy brought about by the personification of nature is echoed in the constant imagery of death. The picture of the bringer of death preparing for funeral projects the melancholy associated with death. Nobody can see the lady, yet a few can her song. The few include a foreshadowing of a funeral attendant, a Willow-veil and natures influence with by the moon the reaper weary (19,33). Emotions develop through imagery of the changing weather. As the lady sees Lancelot, the sky is All in the blue unclouded weather (91). This may depict a happy attraction of the lady sees him likened by nature with His broad clear brow in sunlight glow (100). However the weather shifts with emotion after the lady discoveries her curse is a melancholic death, when she decides to leave Shallot in pursuit of Lancelot. The imagery, mournful of her destined death with heaven waiting in The pale yellow woods were waning, /The broad streaming his banks complaining, /Heavily the low sky raining. The Lady of Shallot is an excellent example of Tennysons use of nature delicately woven into human emotions. Both visual and soulful, the poem produces beautiful images how nature can effectively portrays those emotions. . Tennyson was a master at bringing sensitivity towards human bonds with nature otherwise often overlooked. The picturesque elements of this Victorian Poem help to unravel the complexities of emotion and nature are intertwined.

Get Insanely Organized (Your Way) With Our Latest + Greatest Updates

Get Insanely Organized (Your Way) With Our Latest + Greatest Updates Imagine how much easier your life would be if†¦ You could categorizeprioritize†¦ AND emphasize the stuff that you (and your team) care about. Where you could organize content based on what matters to YOU†¦ †¦(not how a tool thinks you should do it). Where searching for that post or social campaign from 6 months ago takes mere seconds And you always find exactly  what you need†¦ right when you need it. *ahhh* Too good to be true? Think again. Because the #1 calendar for everything YOU need organized†¦ just made a few updates†¦ :) Welcome to your Type-A, organizational powerhouse: Custom Color Labels: Your color labels got even more powerful with added ability to personalize, emphasize, and prioritize your labels with custom colors and text. Updated Filter Menu + Saved Calendar Views:  Your filter menu got a whole lot cleaner and more user-friendly, plus you can actually save the filters you create. And starting today†¦.Tags!  (keep reading) Now, let’s dive headfirst into these three small BUT powerful updates to your calendar†¦ shall we? How To Get Insanely Organized (Your Way) With The Latest + Greatest Design UpdatesMarch 28, 2017: Custom Color Labels Your calendar is  jam-packed with multiple projects†¦ multiple deadlines, and lots of WORDS. Lots and lots of words. *sigh* Luckily, you have those tiny (but powerful) color labels to help you find your content fast. And with the custom color labels updateyour labels got even more powerful. 👀 Now you can actually personalize your labels with custom colors†¦ †¦give your labels a name†¦ AND prioritize them based on what your team cares about! *woop-woop* Basically, they make your calendar about 1000x more organized and more personalized, to boot. 👠¢ So let’s get to three reasons why custom color labels are so awesome. 1. Personalize Your Calendar With Custom Color Labels With custom color labels, you can categorize, prioritize, and emphasize the projects you (and your team) care about†¦ with the colors you care about. Because who doesn’t love a little personalization, am I right?! Especially Type-A marketers (cough-cough) :) And because I know you’re dying to create your custom color labelsfirst, head to your calendar settings. On the right side of the screen is a list of all your current labels (with the pre-set color scheme). To start changing up the colors, click on the circle icon, and select one of the colors listed in the drop down palette, or you can select a specific color by using the color wheel (or put in the exact hex number). So now if you have a custom color scheme you want to use (based on the colors used in your branding) or if certain colors just make you feel happy†¦ you can use them within your calendar! *fist pump* Now onto part two of why custom color labels are the best thing since sliced bread. 2. Easily Identify Your Color Labels By Giving Them A Name No more wasted time translating your mystical color system†¦ now you can give your team the context they need by adding a name to every color label. Which means you can chalk that up to a time-saving WIN. And because you’re a go-getter†¦ here’s how you can easily add text to your color label. All you gotta do is head to the text box next to the color you want to use†¦ and start typing! Pretty easy, right? :) And if you haven’t decided what name to your label (or don’t want to name it at all). No problemo! Any un-named labels will be listed horizontally at the bottom of the dropdown. And just like that †¦ Your labels get SUPER personalized (in just a few quick steps). 👠 3. Prioritize Your Labels Based On What Matters To You (And Your Team) Hate wasting time? Well, you’re in luck Because with custom color labels, you can prioritize your color labels! Which allows you to add content to the calendar fast AND keep your team focused on the right stuff. 😎 So once you have all the labels you need for your team†¦ just drag and drop them into the order that works best for you! And just like that†¦ You’ve mastered the art of the custom color label! *woop-woop* And if you thought that feature was great. keep on readin’ my friend. :) April 18, 2017: Updated Filter Menu + Saved Calendar Views You’re BUSY. Which means your calendar is PACKED to the brim with projects†¦emails†¦ blog posts†¦social campaigns†¦and more importantly†¦ †¦deadlines. Basically, you’ve got ZERO time to spare. And that jam-packed calendar, well†¦sometimes it’s hard to find your content. #sadface BUT you also don’t have any extra time to spend searchin’ for your stuff!! Which is why we updated the Filter Menu And  added a nice lil’ feature called Saved Calendar Views! So instead of spending all that time searching and filtering (and then doing it all over again)†¦ †¦you can find the content you need with just a couple clicks. *happy dance* And since time is of the essence†¦ let’s jump right into the three reasons why these two updates are so sweet. 🠍 ¦ 1. Simplify Your Workspace With Your New + Improved Filter Menu Listen†¦ We know you don’t have any time to waste. Which is why we cleaned up your filter menu so it’s easy to locate the filters you need†¦ so you can find the EXACT content you needfaster. (Because we know that a little efficiency can go a LONG way). ^^truth So here are the deets (and the how-tos) of your new filter menu. How To Use Your New Filter Menu On the upper left side of your calendar, select your new filter button. And once you’ve opened your menu, at the top you will notice the new â€Å"Saved† section. This is where your saved filters will be located (more on that later) And below that list, you will see ALL the options you can use to filter your calendar. The best part? Your filter menu is customized to meet YOUR needs (and your  needs only). For instance, if you aren’t connected to WordPress or aren’t connected any social accounts, neither of those categories will be displayed in your filter menu. Which keeps your menu free from unnecessary clutter†¦ And helps you find your content faster! Talk about a win-win. 👠 Heres how custom color labels make content easy to organize and find in @2. Eliminate The Tedious Process of Filtering Your Calendar AGAIN And AGAIN Let’s be real for a sec The process of filtering your calendar†¦well, it isn’t exactly exhilarating. And what if you are always filtering down to the same view? That means you have to apply the same set of filters over AND over again†¦just to find the content you need. *loud sigh* But luckily†¦ †¦Saved Calendar Views from is here to make it WAY less complicated. Because with  Saved Calendar Views (available on all Team Pro Plans). .the process of filtering your calendar AGAIN and AGAIN†¦ is gonzo. :) Simply drill down into your favorite view (just one time!), and save your filter for quick + convenient access  whenever you need it. And regardless of who you are OR how you use your calendar (whether you’re a large marketing department or small agency) you can use saved calendar views to create the filters YOU need to get sh*t done. ðŸ™Å' The best part? You can even filter your saved calendar views to get EVEN more specific. Booyah! And because we made saved calendar views with busy marketers like you in mind†¦ you can create an *unlimited* amount of saved calendar views. ^^Yep! No limit, my friend. And once you’ve created all the views you need.. you can drag and drop your saved views into the order that works best for you AND easily access them at the top of your filter menu. Basically what I’m trying to say is†¦ saved calendar views allow you to customize your filter menu so that it works best for YOU. Which means you can have your cake (aka sweet customization options) AND eat it too :) 3. Jump Into Projects Faster With Saved Calendar Views Your master calendar view is†¦ well, stressful to say the least. Literally every piece of content, every task, AND every deadline is just staring at you†¦ demanding your attention. But with so much to look at, it’s hard to find what you need to be productive. So, with saved calendar views, you can stop wasting time filtering down to the stuff you care about ..and get immediate access to the view you need right when you log in. *YES* Plus, it’s easy to switch between saved calendar views, so you never have to get caught staring at a busy screen. Which means that instead of wasting time filtering your calendar†¦ you can focus on being productive instead. (!!!) And now that you’ve mastered your updated filter menu and saved calendar views†¦ let’s get to the real reason you’ve read this far†¦ ;) aka the NEWEST feature! Today: [New Feature] Tags Just to recap†¦ remember how much content you have on your calendar? It’s A LOT. *faints* And while custom color labels  helped your calendar get a little more organized and saved calendar views + your updated filter menu  made it easier to locate certain content†¦ we thought there was ANOTHER feature you needed in your organizational tool kit. So without further adolet’s talk about  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s newest featureTags!! Add an  extra  layer of organization to your calendar†¦ so you can always find what you needwhenever you need it. With Tags from , you can: Tailor the calendar based on how your team stays organized. Create custom categories and groups by adding a tag (or multiple) to your content, so you can create the perfect organizational formula for finding projects fastand getting sh*t done. Simplify your search process + find your content faster.  No more wasting time combing through your calendar. Just search for a specific tag (or even create saved calendar views based on your tags) to quickly find the content you need, no matter where it’s located. So let’s jump into why Tags are so awesome And learn how they are going to make your life infinitely better + WAY more organized.

Rubric - Quick Guide for all Content Areas

Rubric - Quick Guide for all Content Areas A rubric is a tool that teachers use to assess many different types of assignments including written work, projects, speeches, and more. Every rubric is divided into a set of criteria (ex: organization, evidence, conclusion) with descriptors or markers of quality to explain each criterion. A rubric also has a rating scale that uses point values or standard performance levels to identify a students level of mastery for an assignment. The rating scale on a rubric makes it an excellent way to grade an assignment as well as a way to progress monitor student performance over time. Rubrics are also useful as teaching tools that spell out expectations for students to follow. Research shows that student input in constructing rubrics can improve scores and engagement. Finally, rubrics can also be used to facilitate self and peer reviews of student work. Rubric Criterion Generally, all rubrics, regardless of subject matter, contain criteria for introductions and conclusions. Standards of English, or grammar and spelling, are also criteria common in a rubric. There are, however, many different criteria or measurements in a rubric that are subject specific. For example, in a rubric for an English literary essay, the criteria might include: Purpose or thesis statementOrganizationEvidence and support In contrast, a rubric for a science lab report might feature other measurements such as: ProblemDefinitionsData and resultsSolution The descriptors for the criteria contains qualifying language for each level of performance that links the rubric assignment or task to the lesson or units learning objectives. These descriptors are what make a rubric different from a checklist. The explanations detail the quality of each element in a rubric according to a standard of mastery while a checklist does not. Scoring with Rubric Descriptors Student work can be rated on a rubric according to different scales or levels of mastery. Some examples of levels on rubric could be: 5-scale rubric: mastery, accomplished, developing, emerging, unacceptable4-scale rubric: above proficiency, proficient, approaching proficiency, below proficiency3-scale rubric: outstanding, satisfactory, unsatisfactory The descriptors on the rubric are different for each level of mastery. Take, for example, the difference in the language in a 3-scale rubric that rates student work for the criterion incorporation of evidence: Outstanding: Appropriate and accurate evidence is explained  well.  Satisfactory: Appropriate evidence is explained, however, some inaccurate information is included.  Unsatisfactory: Evidence is missing or irrelevant. When the teacher uses a rubric to score student work, the value of each element must be done in increments, and different point values can be assigned. For example, a rubric can be organized to award 12 points for outstanding use of evidence, 8 points for satisfactory use of evidence, and 4 points for unsatisfactory use of evidence. It is possible to weight one criterion or element to count more heavily in the grading. For example, a social studies teacher may decide to triple the points for the incorporation of evidence in a students response. Increasing the value for this element to 36 points when the other elements in an assignment are 12 points each indicates to the student the importance of this criterion. In this example, the assignment, now worth a total of 72 points, could be broken down as follows: Introduction or thesis- 12 pointsEvidence- 36 pointsOrganization-12 pointsConclusion-12 points Reasons for Rubrics When rubrics are given to the students before they complete their work, students have a better understanding of how they will be assessed. Rubrics may also help reduce the time spent on grading which may result in an increase of time spent on teaching. One important benefit of using rubrics for assignments is that they help teachers develop consistency in evaluating student performance across a class. When used on a larger scale, rubrics can provide a consistent scoring method across a grade,  school, or district. For some assignments, multiple teachers can grade a students work using the same rubric and then average those grades. This process, known as calibration, can help build teacher agreement around the different levels such as exemplary, proficient, and developing. More on Rubrics: Creating and Using RubricsHow to Create Rubrics

Negligent Tort Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negligent Tort - Assignment Example Tort is any legal or civil injury or harm that is caused or directed to a person, company or a party. We would therefore categorize this action under negligent tort. The following elements constitutes negligent tort. A person or a company must owe the customer or individual in question a product or service. The company or the person must violate a promise and obligation. In this case, Philips Company would be violating the consumer safety Act. The consumer must have suffered injury or loss in the process of using the product or the service. The injury or loss must be seen because of the negligence of the manufacture of the product or the service. The government to produce products, which are safe and durable, has licensed Philips Company. The government has licensed the company and therefore mandated the company with the duty of care. Duty of care is the relationship and circumstance under which the law recognizes as providing rise to any legal duty to take care of consumers. If Phil ips Company fails to take care of its consumers then it may lead to legal battle whether the defendant would be liable to pay damages for the loss or damages. The person that is injured is suffering the loss due to the breach of duty of care by the company. According to the US law, standard of care is the level of conduct expected from Philips Company in this regard to avoid liabilities for negligence. If the company or the person fails to meet the expected standards then there is a breach of duty. Philips Company has the mandate of producing standardized products. The reason for the hazards indicate that the products are substandard and do not meet the requirements of the law. This is a breach of duty since the company should provide better services with optimum quality to avoid cases injuries to the consumers. If any person had suffered any injury or harm while using the lamps, the person would be protected from the negligence of the consumer through the negligence liability. The law requires that consumers conform to the standard of care by providing information regarding any under standardized products. Breach of duty occurs when the defendant, which in this case is Philips Company, fails to meet the standards that is set or required by the law. The state expects that companies licensed to provide services to the consumers meet the expected standard. The consumers Act protect from malice and under standardization the consumers. The consumer Act protects all consumers from exploitation. Once it is established that Philips Company owes a consumer the duty of care, it is necessary for the consumers to demonstrate to the court that the company’s action was in breach of duty. Actual causation is the factor that leads to the occurrence of the event. If the factor were missing then the event would not occur. In other words, actual causation is also termed as factual cause. As the consumer, it is important to prove to the courts that if Philips Company woul d have made the wires in such a way that they will not arc, burn and cause fire leading to shattering and laceration, the injury or loss would not occur. The complainant must present his/her defense in the following manner, â€Å"but for the existence of A, would B have occurred†. Proximate causation or legal cause existence is when the complainant proves that the defendant’s negligence is a substantial factor that has led to the injury or loss

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Analysis - Essay Example On the section on project information, we are able to glean several insights. One is that the majority of projects being worked on are commercial projects. Two is that in terms of roles, the project management supervisors hold sway with regard to who gets what roles. Many of the projects are client-initiated, even as a sizable percentage is likewise initiated by government. Excel is a widely-used software tool. A minority makes use of no software at all, while a large number makes use of checklists. These latter findings have implications on where Redstone can improve in terms of the tools used in project management. The section on project pitfalls provides insights into the many different challenges that go with project management at Redstone. One is that which pertains to post project assessments, where a majority reports that those are done, even as a relatively minor percentage either reports the report assessment results to superiors or review the assessments made. This finding has implications for how well future projects can be managed, learning from the experience of past projects and being able to document and discuss those learnings via post project

Adolescence and Clothes Essay Example for Free

Adolescence and Clothes Essay Good afternoon, today I will try to express my opinion about this statement „You can tell a great deal about people from the clothes they wearâ€Å". And I will speak about which age group of people care most about their looks, how important is fashion for me and what is advantages and disadvantages of wearing a school unifrom. I agree with this statement , because you can get to know a lot of about people from they clothes. For example if man wear formal clothes I can make and overall opinion about him. He is formal, intelligent elegant and taking care of himself. If I would saw someone at work with dirty and tear clothes of course I would think about him not so good. I think teenager are the group of people who care most about their looks.Teenagers believe their looks are the key to a good relationship and it will help become popular at the scholl. But When theyre older, theyll realize it doesnt work like that. Fashion helps to express themselves and also provides teenagers a sense of identity by signaling which grouping they belong to (emo punk, goth, etc.) And in my opinion Celebrities perhaps are the greatest influences on teenagers in the modern world, and they can have a huge impact on a teens ideas about fashion and its importance. Fashion isnt important to me at all. I dont care about having the newest, the most trendy, or the best label for anything. To me, being trendy is not expressing yourself, it is merely following the crowd and trying to fit in. I just prefer to be myself.And I wear what I like. I study at gymnasium so we wear school unifrom. I think school uniform have advantages and disadvantages. Here are some advantages : 1. People automatically respect you Whenever wed go on fieldtrips, people comment on how professional and nice we looked 2. Everyone looks exactly the same You dont have to worry about not wearing the right thing. And some disadvantages : 1.Its annoying wearing the same thing as everyone else 2. You wear it everyday, all day it‘s just become boring . And lack of Variety To sum up everyone should wear clothes which they like and feel good with.These clothes will show the real you. Because other people can tell a great deal about you from the clothes you wear.

The Sphinx of Giza Essay -- Egypt Symbol Pyramids Sphinx Essays

The Sphinx of Giza The Sphinx of Giza is a symbol that has represented the essence of Egypt for thousands of years. The body of a lion with the head of a king comes from the Egyptian culture symbolizing strength and wisdom. The sphinx is a carved out of the living rock. Egyptologists believe that the sphinx was built in 2500 BC in the fourth dynasty. From the north side the profile of the Sphinx reveals the proportion of the body to the head. It would appear as though the head is small in proportion to the body. Because of the changing desert terrain, the body of the Sphinx has been buried several times over the past several thousand years. Most recently in 1905, the sand has been cleared away to expose the magnitude and beauty of the entirety of the Sphinx.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sphinx is carved out of a single ridge of soft limestone 240 feet long and 66 feet high. The head was sculpted from the same stone, and the forepaws were separately made from blocks of limestone. The paws themselves are 50 feet long while the entire length is 150 feet . The head is 30 feet long and 14 feet wide. Because certain layers of the stone are softer than others, there is a high degree of erosion that has claimed the original detail of the carved figure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The face of the Great Sphinx has been thought to be pharaoh Khafre's face Fascinatingly, the features of the face of the Sphinx has a far more striking resemblance to an older brother of Khafre, the Pharaoh Djedefre . Djedefre's short lived reign occurred just prior to the reign of Khafre. Originally it is believed that the Sphinx was painted and was quite colorful. Since then, the nose and beard have been broken away from . In between the paws of the Sphinx is a stela, now called the "Dream Stela" which is a stone slab placed vertically and inscribed with a story. The 18th Dynasty story tells of the time Thutmosis IV fell asleep under the Sphinx which was covered to the neck in sand. Thutmosis had a dream that the Sphinx spoke to him and promised that if he would free the Sphinx from the sand, Thutmosis would be destined to become king of Egypt. From Ancient Egypt ,astronomy and astrology play an inextricable part. Everything seems to have something to do with the stars, or at the very least have a close relation that is. The people who made it had the most extraordinary knowledge of the stars and the behavior o... ...hat culture and how similar it was to the older structure. The Luxor hotel and the sphinx in its entrance was built to show a different culture and theme from the rest of the hotels. Another reason why the Sphinx might have been built in Las Vegas, could be because both cities are deserts and that makes it a perfect place to build the Luxor and the Sphinx.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the whole, both monuments are very fascinating and have special characteristics. For example, the size and design of it, the body of a Lion and Face of a Pharaoh represents the strength and power of the ruler. Both of the monuments were built for different reasons but they still represent the same culture. The sphinx in Las Vegas was built for attraction and to represent the Sphinx in Giza and to signify the Egyptian culture. It was easy to compare the two because their so much a like, and at the same time have different purposes. Looking at a Sphinx at close range is an amazing experience. It is one of the most fascinating monuments you will ever look at, the size and magnificence of it will take your breath away. So, Whenever you get the chance to see such an amazing monument do not forget to take lots of pictures.

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The brain and spinal cord are made up of many cells, including neurons and glial cells. Neurons are cells that send and receive electro-chemical signals to and from the brain and nervous system. There are about 100 billion neurons in the brain. There are many more glial cells; they provide support functions for the neurons, and are far more numerous than neurons. There are many type of neurons. They vary in size from 4 microns (. 004 mm) to 100 microns (. 1 mm) in diameter. Their length varies from a fraction of an inch to several feet.Neurons  are nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200 mph. The neuron consists of a  cell body (or soma)  with branching  dendrites(signal receivers) and a projection called an  axon, which conduct the nerve signal. At the other end of the axon, the  axon terminals  transmit the electro-chemical signal across a  synapse  (the gap between the axon terminal and the receiving cell). The word â€Å"neuro n† was coined by the German scientist Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz in 1891 (he also coined the term â€Å"chromosome†).The  axon, a long extension of a nerve cell, and take information away from the cell body. Bundles of axons are known as nerves or, within the CNS (central nervous system), as nerve tracts or pathways. Dendrites bring information to the cell body. Myelin  coats and insulates the axon (except for periodic breaks called nodes of Ranvier), increasing transmission speed along the axon. Myelin is manufactured by Schwann's cells, and consists of 70-80% lipids (fat) and 20-30% protein.The  cell body (soma)  contains the neuron's nucleus (with DNA and typical nuclear organelles). Dendrites branch from the cell body and receive messages. A typical neuron has about 1,000 to 10,000 synapses (that is, it communicates with 1,000-10,000 other neurons, muscle cells, glands, etc. ). DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONS There are different types of neuron s. They all carry electro-chemical nerve signals, but differ in structure (the number of processes, or axons, emanating from the cell body) and are found in different parts of the body. Sensory neurons or Bipolar neurons  carry messages from the body's sense receptors (eyes, ears, etc. ) to the CNS. These neurons have two processes. Sensory neuron account for 0. 9% of all neurons. (Examples are retinal cells, olfactory epithelium cells. ) * Motoneurons or Multipolar neurons  carry signals from the CNS to the muscles and glands. These neurons have many processes originating from the cell body. Motoneurons account for 9% of all neurons. (Examples are spinal motor neurons, pyramidal neurons, Purkinje cells. * Interneurons or Pseudopolare (Spelling) cells  form all the neural wiring within the CNS. These have two axons (instead of an axon and a dendrite). One axon communicates with the spinal cord; one with either the skin or muscle. These neurons have two processes. (Examples are dorsal root ganglia cells. ) LIFE SPAN OF NEURONS Unlike most other cells, neurons cannot regrow after damage (except neurons from the hippocampus). Fortunately, there are about 100 billion neurons in the brain. GLIAL CELLS Glial cells make up 90 percent of the brain's cells.Glial cells are nerve cells that don't carry nerve impulses. The various glial (meaning â€Å"glue†) cells perform many important functions, including: digestion of parts of dead neurons, manufacturing myelin for neurons, providing physical and nutritional support for neurons, and more. Types of glial cells include Schwann's Cells, Satellite Cells,  Microglia, Oligodendroglia, and Astroglia. Neuroglia (meaning â€Å"nerve glue†) are the another type of brain cell. These cells guide neurons during fetal development.

Document Analysis of John Brown’s Address to the Virginia Court Essay

The address given by John Brown to the Virginia court was his final words before execution on charges of treason. The charges were given because of a raid that he directed with the intent to take federal weapons which is an act of treason. On October 16th-18th, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of white and black men, including two of his sons, on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown’s goal was to seize the federal arsenal, arm the local slaves, and fight a way into the North as described in this primary source in court. This raid was not surprising because of his abolitionist background and insanity as described by the Robert E. Lee who led the Union Army that suppressed the revolt. The group held up in a fire department and was attacked by Lee’s soldiers. The failed attempt resulted in Brown’s capture, trial, and execution on December 2nd. This episode of slave resistance was the last major rebellion contributing to the secession of the South and, eventually, the Civil War. Purpose: John Brown had a a few purpose for delivering this address. Obviously, it was given in response to charges accumulated from the raid, and the address also makes several points explaining his defense. Brown stated that he did not intend to fire a single gun but wanted simply to take slaves from plantations and lead them to northern states or Canada. Brown also stated that he did not induce the others involved in the raid to join him which lessened his crime in his mind. To the charges he addressed, â€Å"I never did intend murder, or treason, or the destruction of property, or to excite or incite slaves to rebellion, or to make insurrection. Though he denied the charges, one can infer that Brown really did want a slave uprising to occur in the South due to his strong abolitionist morals and beliefs. If the raid were to be successful, Brown would not stop with those slaves, but rather continue his forced manumission of the South. Brown’s impression of the trial was one of satisfaction, but he argued that â€Å"it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty [of death]. † He made this argument because his intent was not to start this uprising but, instead, to be an act of defiance that he knew would indirectly cause a mass insurrection in the South. Value: John Brown’s address is not a historical landmark and was a less significant historical document that had minimal aftermath; however, it provides a specific example of responses in court giving insight into how acts of slave resistance are dealt with legally. Brown gives this document a unique texture because of his eloquence in court compared with his savagery in the raid. Overall, he is given the status of a martyr with his words: â€Å"I submit [to death]: so let it be done! † Brown reveals a very different side of his personality in which he is a dignified martyr. He predicts that slavery will never end peacefully in the country whose â€Å"rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments†. Historians can use this document today to show people strong in their beliefs who act upon them, and although some failed in their efforts, their cause was strengthened. Limitations: The address made by John Brown contains several limitations that affect its credit as a historical source. A significant limiting factor is that there is only one opinion to explain the raid. Brown had a biased opinion mainly because of his childhood having been greatly influenced with abolitionist morals and beliefs. One would think that Brown’s address would be biased in spite of his numerous accusations, but he speaks as if he had nothing to lose. The aiding and abetting criminals in the raid would not have delivered a speech as dignified and passionate as Brown’s but would obviously be similar in their renditions of the event. To fully understand Brown’s raid, historians would need to consult Robert E. Lee’s notes. After viewing both sides of the story, a historian can either choose a side or make an inference that incorporates both.

Cities In Europe Essays - Prefectures In France, Bordeaux, Aquitaine

Cities In Europe Essays - Prefectures In France, Bordeaux, Aquitaine Cities In Europe Provence By Raquel Mendoza Provence has been called a bridge between the past and the present, where yesterday blends with today. This beautiful place lies in the southern part of France, and is bordered on the east by Italy , on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the west by the Rhone River. The area abounds with flower fields, vineyards, orchards, and olive and mulberry groves. Along the seacoast is the French Rivera and the Ports of Marseille and Toulon. Provence has its own language and its own customs. The region originally formed part of a Roman province called Provincia Romana, built in the 120 B.C. It was passed into the possession of several ancient Germanic peoples, the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths, and the Frankish kings. In 879 AD. the area was incorporated into the kingdom of Provence, sometimes call Cisjurane Burgundy, and in the 10th century into the e kingdom of Arles. After being ruled by the house of Anjou from about 1245 to 1482, the region came into the possession of King Louis XI of France, and in 14856 it was annexed to the French Kingdom. Provence was a province until the French revolution, after which the area was distributed among several departments. The Greeks and Romans first filled the landscape with cities boasting Hellenic theaters, roman baths, amphitheaters, and triumphal arches. These were followed in medieval times by Romanesque fortresses and gothic cathedrals. In the 19th century Provence's light and landscapes attracted painters like Cezzanne and Van Gogh. Despite the changes over the years, Provence will be remembered as the bridge between the past and the present. On the Garonne River, the great port of Bordeaux, the Capital of Aquitaine, is the center of the world's most important wine producing areas. It attracts many visitors to the offices of wine exporters there, most of whom welcome guests. Bordeaux is a city of warehouses, factories, mansions, and exploding suburbs. Now the fifth largest city of France is Bordeaux. Bordeaux was for 300 years a British possession, and even today's it's called the most UN-French of French cities, though the same has been said of Strasbourg. The local airport , Bordeaux Merignac, is served by flights from as far away as London and New York. A shuttle bus connects the airport with the train station, departing 30 minutes from 5:30 to 10:00pm, costing $35F one way. Your tour can begin at Place de La Comedie, at the very heart of this old city, a busy traffic hub that was once the site of Roman temple. On this square one of the great theaters of France, The Grand Theater, was built between1773 and 1780. From here you could walk north to esplanade des Quinconces, laid out between 1818 and 1828, it is the largest square of its kind in Europe, covering nearly 30 acres. The Musee des Beaux Arts has an outstanding collection ranging from the 15th to the 20th century. Works by Perugina, Titian, Rubens, Veronese, Delacroix, Gros , Redon, and Lhote are displayed. The museum is open from 10 to 6 P.M. and the admission is 18f per person. The Pont de Pierre, with 17 arches , stretches 1,594 feet across the Garonne and is one of the most beautiful bridges in France. Ordered built by Napoleon I in 1813, the bridge can be crossed on foot for a fine of the port. But for a better view I suggest the tour of the port, which lasts for about 1 1/2 hours. Toulouse city in southern France, capital of Haute-Garonne, on the Garonne River and the Canal du Midi. It is a major commercial, transportation, and manufacturing center, noted for the production of aircraft and aerospace equipment. Other products are chemicals, clothing, electrical machinery, and farm implements. Places of interest in Toulouse include the largest Romanesque Basilica of saint Sernin, which contains the tomb of St. Thomas Aquinas; the Gothic Cathedral of Saint Etienne; and the church of Notre Dame la Blanche. The city also contains many mansions in the Renaissance style; these include the Hotel Felzins, the Maison dePierre, and the Hotel d'Assezat et de Clemence -Isaure.

Simple Candy Osmosis Experiment

Simple Candy Osmosis Experiment Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. The water moves from an area of higher to lower solvent concentration (an area of lower to higher solute concentration). Its an important passive transport process in living organisms, with applications to chemistry and other sciences. You dont need fancy lab equipment to observe osmosis. You can experiment with the phenomenon using gummy bears and water. Heres what you do: Osmosis Experiment Materials Basically, all you need for this chemistry project are colored candies and water: Gummy bear candies (or other gummy candy)WaterPlate or shallow bowl The gelatin of the gummy candies acts as a semipermeable membrane. Water can enter the candy, but its much harder for sugar and coloring to leave exit it. What You Do Its easy! Simply place one or more of the candies in the dish and pour in some water. Over time, water will enter the candies, swelling them. Compare the size and squishiness of these candies with how they looked before. Notice the colors of the gummy bears starts to appear lighter. This is because the pigment molecules (solute molecules) are being diluted by the water (solvent molecules) as the process progresses. What do you think would happen if you used a different solvent, such as milk or honey, that already contains some solute molecules? Make a prediction, then try it and see. How do you think osmosis in a gelatin dessert compares with osmosis in candy? Again, make a prediction and then test it!

Development in Crisis Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Development in Crisis Today - Essay Example The worldwide aspiration for development is more than just the desire for economic progress; it is a quest for status, prestige, recognition and social and political modernization. Making the situation more complex is the reality that never before in the history of mankind has people had access to so much information. The knowledge, understandings, and experiences from every sector of society and every human culture (past and present) can now contribute their part in solving the dynamic puzzle of developmental existence. At the same time, never before in history have we faced such complicated and pressing social, environmental, and economic challenges. Now, more than ever, we need action based upon the deepest possible understanding of our global situation, the stakeholders involved, and ourselves (Brown, 2005). The study on the phenomenon of development has led to various theorizing about the concept. Likewise, theories or perspective on the study of society and social realities have been used to analyze the various facets of development. These theories describe society as a system at a particular time or society in its dynamic aspect. They seek to explain the consequences of the development and the cost of development or conditions that can bring about development. Dev Development can be viewed as a goal and an end or a process. But there is no single theory that can explain all the above aspects. Each theory explains only part of the highly complex process of development. Among the approaches to development are (Muhi, 1999): (a) the Evolutionary Theories which include Durkheim's Theory of Social Change, Redfield's Folk-Urban Continuum, Structural Functionalism, and Parson's theory among others; These theories held that society underwent a progressive development or unilinear evolution towards progress. (b) the Economic Theories that are found in the works of Myrdal and Rostow; The economic point-of-view of development maintains that economic progress is a very essential component of development although non-economic factors such as values, attitudes, institutions, and policies are just as important. (c) the Ecological theories such as Hawley's and Odum's; Ecology which is the study of organisms or groups of organisms to their environment has been extended to the study of man's relation to the environment. (d) the Conflict Theories to include Marx and Lenin as well as the Theory of Dependency This class of theories focuses on change as a permanent and inseparable aspect of society with conflict as an accompaniment of the change. In a more recent example of an economic crisis, i.e. the economic crisis that gripped East Asia in 1997, Burkett and Hart (2000) cited the East Asian development process as "highly exploitative and unstable" and "only a Marxist approach" can provide insights into the reality of growth in the area. The authors conclude that Japan's "crisis of human development" will not be solved "as long as they remain within a capitalist framework." They urge the Japanese working class

Ethical Research Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Research Practice - Essay Example There is considerable concern about consent issues in relation to groups perceived as 'vulnerable', i.e., where individuals have difficulties in giving initial and continued informed consent because of issues of 'competence'. Groups who are perceived as vulnerable include children and young people, people with mental health problems and people with learning disability. Ethics Committees generally ask that special consideration is given to the ways in which 'vulnerable groups' are accessed and give consent to participate in research to ensure that they understand what participation involves and are not coerced into taking part. The expectation is generally that the researcher should justify the importance of the research and the need to include 'vulnerable' populations and should identify the means whereby informed consent will be obtained - in many cases there will be an expectation that proxy consent (from a parent or relative) may be used to supplement the consent or assent from th e individual who is not seen as competent to give consent in their own right (Baez 2002). It has been argued that researchers should seek consent each time they collect data from a study participant to ensure that they are aware that data are being collected and that they are willing to continue participating in the study.

Dynamic Function Relationships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dynamic Function Relationships - Research Paper Example The study correlated the mechanical strength as measured by F-max with the thermal stability as measured by Tm, Cm, etc. Introduction Atomic force microscopy, the optical tweezers, alongside other nanotechnology tools has made it possible to induce and monitor large conformational changes in biomolecules. These studies are often performed in helping asses the biomolecules structure, their elastic properties, as well as their ability to work as nanomachines in cells. Stretching studies on protein have increasingly become of particular interest and they have been done in systems more than a hundred. All-atom simulation, such as those reported in refs, has helped the interpretation of such experiments possible. However, they have been limited by order 100 ns time scales. They, thus, need the use of large constant pulling speeds, which are quite unrealistic and elucidate the nature of a force clamp (region that is responsible for the force of pulling, which is the largest) Fmax. It is wo rthwhile noting that virtually all the all-atom, and experimental simulational studies merely address a small fraction of the proteins that are often stored within the Protein Data Bank (PDB). It is, thus, worth considering a large set of proteins in order to determine their largest force of resistance to pulling in any model that allows fast and accurate calculations. In this task, the structure-based model of proteins pioneered by collaborators of Go and applicable is implemented in many projects, seem to be most suitable. This is because the proteins are well defined in respect to the native structure. There are various ways of constructing a structure-based model of proteins. However, their variances differ in the choice of their effective potential, the nature of their local backbone stiffness, course-grained degrees of freedom, and the energy related parameters. The crucial choice concerns making a decision about the interaction between the Count of amino acids as native conta cts. Research has shown that organism often try to adapt their proteins in order to function more effectively within their range of environmental temperature. This implies that proteins, in general, have a certain limited temperature range in which the structural range is maintained. Anything that lies outside this specific thermal span causes denaturalization to occur with the corresponding function loss, such as the enzyme activity. Changing the intrinsic thermal stability of proteins can be achieved through alteration of the amino acids or otherwise extrinsically through addition of the suitable stabilizing effectors such as coenzymes, peptides, cations, and membranes. This paper deals with the mechanical strength of proteins and their thermal stability with a focus on making comparison between the two. In order to appropriately make comparison between the mechanical strength of proteins and their thermal stability, there was need to correlation Cm, Tm, and normalized B-factor an d F-max. In this regard, a mode of experiment B-factors from the PDB database, the experimental lists of protein resilience, single molecule pulling, and protein motion by ANM were used in this study. Materials and Methods The design method to be applied in this study would be a quantitative research design. In social sciences, quantitative research is used to refer to systematic investigation of a phenomenon through a computation technique. The aim of the quantitative

The Collections Of Early Museums Cultural Studies Essay

The Collections Of Early Museums Cultural Studies Essay Early museums began as the private collections of wealthy individuals, families or institutions of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts. These were often displayed in so-called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities. Public access was often possible for the respectable, especially to private art collections, but at the whim of the owner and his staff. The first public museums in the world opened in Europe during the 18th century and the Age of Enlightenment: the Amerbach Cabinet, originally a private collection, was bought by the university and city of Basel in 1661 and opened to the public in 1671. the Royal Armouries in the Tower of London is the oldest museum in the United Kingdom. It opened to the public in 1660, though there had been paying privileged visitors to the armouries displays from 1592. Today the museum has three sites including its new headquarters in Leeds.[2] the Musà ©e des Beaux-Arts et darchà ©ologie in Besanà §on was established in 1694 after Jean-Baptiste Boisot, an abbot, gave his personal collection to the Benedictines of the city in order to create a museum open to the public two days every week.[3] the Museo Sacro, the first museum in the Vatican Museums complex, was opened in Rome in 1756[citation needed] the British Museum in London, was founded in 1753 and opened to the public in 1759.[4] Sir Hans Sloanes personal collection of curios provided the initial foundation for the British Museums collection.[4] the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, which had been open to visitors on request since the 16th century, was officially opened to the public 1765[citation needed] the Belvedere Palace of the Habsburg monarchs in Vienna opened with a collection of art in 1781[citation needed] Louvre in Paris France. The Mona Lisa Painting by Leonardo Da Vinci resides in the Louvre. These public museums, however, were often accessible only by the middle and upper classes. It could be difficult to gain entrance. In London for example, prospective visitors to the British Museum had to apply in writing for admission. Even by 1800 it was possible to have to wait two weeks for an admission ticket. Visitors in small groups were limited to stays of two hours. In Victorian times in England it became popular for museums to be open on a Sunday afternoon (the only such facility allowed to do so) to enable the opportunity for self improvement of the other working classes. The first truly public museum was the Louvre Museum in Paris, opened in 1793 during the French Revolution, which enabled for the first time in history free access to the former French royal collections for people of all stations and status. The fabulous art treasures collected by the French monarchy over centuries were accessible to the public three days each dà ©cade (the 10-day unit which had replaced the week in the French Republican Calendar). The Conservatoire du musà ©um national des Arts (National Museum of Artss Conservatory) was charged with organizing the Louvre as a national public museum and the centerpiece of a planned national museum system. As Napolà ©on I conquered the great cities of Europe, confiscating art objects as he went, the collections grew and the organizational task became more and more complicated. After Napoleon was defeated in 1815, many of the treasures he had amassed were gradually returned to their owners (and many were not). His plan was never ful ly realized, but his concept of a museum as an agent of nationalistic fervor had a profound influence throughout Europe. American museums eventually joined European museums as the worlds leading centers for the production of new knowledge in their fields of interest. A period of intense museum building, in both an intellectual and physical sense was realized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (this is often called The Museum Period or The Museum Age). While many American museums, both Natural History museums and Art museums alike, were founded with the intention of focusing on the scientific discoveries and artistic developments in North America, many moved to emulate their European counterparts in certain ways (including the development of Classical collections from ancient Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia and Rome). Universities became the primary centers for innovative research in the United States well before the start of the Second World War. Nevertheless, museums to this day contribute new knowledge to their fields and continue to build collections that are useful for both research and display. Purpose Museums collect and care for objects of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and make them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Many times, museums concentrate on the host regions culture. Although most museums do not allow physical contact with the associated artifacts, there are some that are interactive and encourage a more hands-on approach. Modern trends in museology have broadened the range of subject matter and introduced many interactive exhibits, which give the public the opportunity to make choices and engage in activities that may vary the experience from person to person. With the advent of the internet, there are growing numbers of virtual exhibits, i.e. web versions of exhibits showing images and playing recorded sound. Museums are usually open to the general public, sometimes charging an admission fee. Some museums are publicly funded and have free entrance, either permanently or on special days, e.g. once per week or year. Museums are usually not run for the purpose of making a profit, unlike private galleries which more often engage in the sale of objects. There are governmental museums, non-governmental or non-profit museums, and privately owned or family museums. Museums can be a reputable and generally trusted source of information about cultures and history. Definitions include: permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment, for the purposes of education, study, and enjoyment, by the International Council of Museums;[5] and Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artifacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society, by the UK Museums Association.[6] Types Types of museums vary, from very large collections in major cities, covering many of the categories below, to very small museums covering either a particular location in a general way, or a particular subject, such as an individual notable person. Categories include: fine arts, applied arts, craft, archaeology, anthropology and ethnology, history, cultural history, military history, science, technology, childrens museums, natural history, numismatics, botanical and zoological gardens and philately. Within these categories many museums specialize further, e.g. museums of modern art, local history, aviation history, agriculture or geology. A museum normally houses a core collection of important selected objects in its field. Objects are formally accessioned by being registered in the museums collection with an artifact number and details recorded about their provenance. The persons in charge of the collection and of the exhibits are known as curators. Archaeology museums Archaeology museums specialize in the display of archaeological artifacts. Many are in the open air, such as the Acropolis of Athens and the Roman Forum. Others display artifacts found in archaeological sites inside buildings. Art museums Main article: Art museum Museum of Modern Art An Art museum, also known as an art gallery, is a space for the exhibition of art, usually in the form of art objects from the visual arts, primarily paintings, illustrations, and sculpture. Collections of drawings and old master prints are often not displayed on the walls, but kept in a print room. There may be collections of applied art, including ceramics, metalwork, furniture, artists books and other types of object. Video art is often screened. The first publicly owned museum in Europe was the Amerbach-Cabinet in Basel, originally a private collection sold to the city in 1661 and public since 1671 (now Kunstmuseum Basel).[7] The Uffizi Gallery in Florence was initially conceived as a palace for the offices of Florentian magistrates (hence the name), it later evolved into a display place for many of the paintings and sculpture collected by the Medici family or commissioned by them. After the house of Medici was extinguished, the art treasures remained in Florence, forming one of the first modern museums. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, and in 1765 it was officially opened to the public. Another early public museum was the British Museum in London, which opened to the public in 1759.[4] It was a universal museum with very varied collections covering art, applied art, archaeology, anthropology, history, and science, and a library. The science collections, library, paintings and mod ern sculpture have since been found separate homes, leaving history, archaeology, non-European and pre-Renaissance art, and prints and drawings.[citation needed] The specialised art museum is considered a fairly modern invention, the first being the Hermitage in Saint Petersburg which was established in 1764.[citation needed] The Louvre in Paris was established in 1793, soon after the French Revolution when the royal treasures were declared for the people.[8] The Czartoryski Museum in Krakà ³w was established in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska.[9] This showed the beginnings of removing art collections from the private domain of aristocracy and the wealthy into the public sphere, where they were seen as sites for educating the masses in taste and cultural refinement. History museums Museum of the Filipino People, Manila History museums cover the knowledge of history and its relevance to the present and future. Some cover specialized curatorial aspects of history or a particular locality; others are more general. Such museums contain a wide range of objects, including documents, artifacts of all kinds, art, archaeological objects. Antiquities museums specialize in more archaeological findings. A common type of history museum is a historic house. A historic house may be a building of special architectural interest, the birthplace or home of a famous person, or a house with an interesting history. Historic sites can also become museums, particularly those that mark public crimes, such as Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum or Robben Island. Another type of history museum is a living museum. A living museum is where people recreate a time period to the fullest extent, including buildings, clothes and language. It is similar to historical reenactment. See also: Medical History Museum (disambiguation) Maritime museums Main article: Maritime museum Maritime museums specialize in the display of objects relating to ships and travel on seas and lakes. They may include a historic ship (or a replica) made accessible as a museum ship. Military and war museums Category:Military and war museums The Canadian War Museum Military museums specialize in military histories; they are often organized from a national point of view, where a museum in a particular country will have displays organized around conflicts in which that country has taken part. They typically include displays of weapons and other military equipment, uniforms, wartime propaganda and exhibits on civilian life during wartime, and decorations, among others. A military museum may be dedicated to a particular service or area, such as the Imperial War Museum Duxford for military aircraft or the Deutsches Panzermuseum for tanks, or more generalist, such as the Canadian War Museum or the Musà ©e de lArmà ©e. Mobile museums Mobile museum is a term applied to museums that make exhibitions from a vehicle, such as a van. Some institutions, such as St. Vital Historical Society and the Walker Art Center, use the term to refer to a portion of their collection that travels to sites away from the museum for educational purposes. Other mobile museums have no home site, and use travel as their exclusive means of presentation. Natural history museums For a more comprehensive list, see List of natural history museums The National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. Museums of natural history and natural science typically exhibit work of the natural world. The focus lies on nature and culture. Exhibitions may educate the masses about dinosaurs, ancient history, and anthropology. Evolution, environmental issues, and biodiversity are major areas in natural science museums. Notable museums of this type include the Natural History Museum in London, the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in Oxford, the Musà ©um national dhistoire naturelle in Paris, the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alberta, Denver Museum of Nature and Science and the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. A rather minor Natural history museum is The Midwest Museum of Natural History is located in Sycamore, Illinois. Open air museums Main article: Open air museum An old farmhouse at the Salzburger Freilichtmuseum in Großgmain near Salzburg. Open air museums collect and re-erect old buildings at large outdoor sites, usually in settings of re-created landscapes of the past. The first one was King Oscar IIs collection near Oslo in Norway, opened in 1881 and is now the Norsk Folkemuseum.[citation needed] In 1891 Artur Hazelius founded the Skansen in Stockholm,[citation needed] which became the model for subsequent open air museums in Northern and Eastern Europe, and eventually in other parts of the world. Most open air museums are located in regions where wooden architecture prevail, as wooden structures may be translocated without substantial loss of authenticity.[citation needed] A more recent but related idea is realized in ecomuseums, which originated in France.[citation needed] Science museums For a more comprehensive list, see List of science museums Museum of Science and Industry Science museums and technology centers revolve around scientific achievements, and marvels and their history. To explain complicated inventions, a combination of demonstrations, interactive programs and thought-provoking media are used. Some museums may have exhibits on topics such as computers, aviation, railway museums, physics, astronomy, and the animal kingdom. Science museums, in particular, may consist of planetaria, or large theatre usually built around a dome. Museums may have IMAX feature films, which may provide 3-D viewing or higher quality picture. As a result, IMAX content provides a more immersive experience for people of all ages. Also new virtual museums, known as Net Museums, have recently been created. These are usually web sites belonging to real museums and containing photo galleries of items found in those real museums. This new presentation is very useful for people living far away who wish to see the contents of these museums. Specialized museums Museum of Toys and Automata in Verdà º, Spain A number of different museums exist to demonstrate a variety of topics. Music museums may celebrate the life and work of composers or musicians, such as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, or even Rimsky-Korsakov Apartment and Museum in St Petersburg (Russia). Other music museums include live music recitals such as the Handel House Museum in London. In Glendale, Arizona, The Bead Museum[10] fosters the appreciation and understanding of the global historical, cultural and artistic significance of beads and related artifacts. The permanent collection includes beads from around the globe including a 15,000 year old bead. Temporary exhibits are also available. Museums targeted for the youth, such as childrens museums or toy museums in many parts of the world, often exhibit interactive and educational material on a wide array of topics, for example, the Museum of Toys and Automata in Spain. The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an institution of the sports category. The Corning Museum of Glass is devoted to the art, history, and science of glass. The National Museum of Crime Punishment explores the science of solving crimes. The Great American Dollhouse Museum in Danville, Kentucky, U.S.A., is depicts American social history in miniature.[11] Interpretation centres are modern museums or visitors centres that often use new means of communication with the public. In some cases, museums cover an extremely wide range of topics together, such as the Museum of World Treasures in Wichita, KS. Virtual museums A recent development, with the expansion of the web, is the establishment of virtual museums. Online initiatives like the Virtual Museum of Canada[12] provide physical museums with a web presence, as well as online curatorial platforms such as Rhizome.[13] Some virtual museums have no counterpart in the real world, such as LIMAC (Museo de Arte Contemporà ¡neo de Lima),[14] which has no physical location and might be confused with the citys own museum. The art historian Griselda Pollock elaborated a virtual feminist museum, spreading between classical art to contemporary art.[15] Some real life museums are also using the internet for virtual tours and exhibitions. On March 23, Whitney Museum in New York organized what it called the first ever online Twitter museum tour. Zoological parks and botanic gardens Zoos are considered living museums Main article: Zoo Although zoos and botanic gardens are not often thought of as museums, they are in fact living museums. They exist for the same purpose as other museums: to educate, inspire action, and to study, develop and manage collections. They are also managed much like other museums and face the same challenges. Notable zoos include the Bronx Zoo in New York, the London Zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo, the Saint Louis Zoological Park, the San Diego Zoo, Berlin Zoological Garden, the Taronga Zoo in Sydney, Frankfurt Zoological Garden, Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and Zà ¼rich Zoologischer Garten in Switzerland. Notable botanic gardens include Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Chicago Botanic Garden and Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario). Controversies The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2010) The Guggenheim (New York) Controversies have arisen recently regarding artifacts being damaged or being exposed to high risk of damage whilst on loan. For example, an ancient Egyptian stone lion on loan from the British Museum was being manually carried down a flight of stairs (as shown in a BBC Television documentary 2007). The supervisor in charge advised the people carrying it if it starts to fall, let it drop.[citation needed] The irony is that these artifacts have been carefully excavated and transported, often thousands of miles, without damage. Once arriving at a museum the artifact usually does not receive the same level of care and attention that it received whilst being excavated and transported.[citation needed] Another example of this is the recent return of a Terracotta Army horse on loan from a museum in Rome, which showed the item to be damaged on return.[citation needed] As yet, there is no internationally agreed protocol for a level or standard of care of artifacts on display or on loan from museums. Like any institution dedicated to the memorialization of the past, museums play a substantial role in the construction of ideologies and identities, which is accomplished through a variety of means, though these typically pertain to the particular ways in which the past is put on public display. Museums serve to standardize our views of the past by the following means: failing to account for matters of historical (or more accurately, historiographical) dispute; by not providing alternative viewpoints by presenting the past in terms of a coherent, linear, unified narrative by creating complex audio, visual and textual experiences, in which the observer is overwhelmingly confronted by the massive weight of all the physical evidence: the photos, the facts, the personal vignettes-after being penetrated in such an intimate way by a holistic bodily experience, observers are then typically directed to gift shops, where they are likely encouraged to purchase books which can help to further reinforce the desired indoctrination of the museums particular ideology they present a view of history based often based upon the romanticization of the achievements of great men, brilliant thinkers, cultural or scientific innovators, war heroes (and their technologies) As is self-evident to the seasoned traveler, most national museums around the world adhere to the same basic structural patterns, whereby the past is divided up into a series of epochs, beginning with prehistory, then passing through the ancient and medieval worlds until finally arriving at the nations present. This view of the history is plainly teleological, which is to say that the past is depicted as a series of trends and developments aiming at the present condition. The point is often under-emphasized by those who love museums that a sizable percentage of museum artifacts have been acquired unethically (if ethics are defined in a Kantian sense at least). The government of Egypt for instance has consistently pressed the British Museum in London to return the enormous holdings of pharaonic objects seized by British (though not exclusively British) archaeologists during Britains period of colonial administration in Egypt, which began officially in 1882. The National Museum of Iraq was created during the British Mandate period through the efforts of colonial officer and Oriental Secretary of the short-lived British Mandate, Gertrude Bell.[citation needed] Management Vatican Museums The museum is usually run by a director, who has a curatorial staff that cares for the objects and arranges their display. Large museums often will have a research division or institute, which are frequently involved with studies related to the museums items, as well as an education department, in charge of providing interpretation of the materials to the general public. The director usually reports to a higher body, such as a governmental department or a board of trustees. Objects come to the collection through a variety of means. Either the museum itself or an associated institute may organize expeditions to acquire more items or documentation for the museum. More typically, however, museums will purchase or trade for artifacts or receive them as donations or bequests. Miami Art Museum in Miami, Florida For instance, a museum featuring Impressionist art may receive a donation of a Cubist work which simply cannot be fit into the museums exhibits, but it can be used to help acquire a painting more central to the museums focus. However, this process of acquiring objects outside the museums purview in order to acquire more desirable objects is considered unethical by many museum professionals. Larger museums may have an Acquisitions Department whose staff is engaged full time for this purpose. Most museums have a collections policy to help guide what is and is not included in the collection. Museums often cooperate to sponsor joint, often traveling, exhibits on particular subjects when one museum may not by itself have a collection sufficiently large or important. These exhibits have limited engagements and often depend upon an additional entry fee from the public to cover costs. Museum planning Museum planning  and Interpretive planning Sà £o Paulo Museum of Art in Sà £o Paulo, Brazil. The design of museums has evolved throughout history. Interpretive museums, as opposed to art museums, have missions reflecting curatorial guidance through the subject matter which now include content in the form of images, audio and visual effects, and interactive exhibits. Museum creation begins with a museum plan, created through a museum planning process. The process involves identifying the museums vision and the resources, organization and experiences needed to realize this vision. A feasibility study, analysis of comparable facilities and an interpretive plan are all developed as part of the museum planning process. Some museum experiences have very few or no artifacts and do not necessarily call themselves museums; the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles and the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, being notable examples where there are few artifacts, but strong, memorable stories are told or information is interpreted. In contrast, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. uses many artifacts in their memorable exhibitions. Notably, despite their varying styles, the latter two were designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates. Exhibition design Article: Exhibit design Most mid-size and large museums employ exhibit design staff for graphic and environmental design projects, including exhibitions. In addition to traditional 2-D and 3-D designers and architects, these staff departments may include audio-visual specialists, software designers, audience research and evaluation specialists, writers, editors, and preparators or art handlers. These staff specialists may also be charged with supervising contract design or production services. The exhibit design process builds on the interpretive plan for an exhibit, determining the most effective, engaging and appropriate methods of communicating a message or telling a story. The process will often mirror the architectural process or schedule, moving from conceptual plan, through schematic design, design development, contract document, fabrication and installation. Etymology The English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums (or rarely, musea). It is originally from the Greek ÃŽÅ“ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿-ÃŽÂ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ (Mouseion), which denotes a place or temple dedicated to the Muses (the patron divinities in Greek mythology of the arts), and hence a building set apart for study and the arts,[16] especially the Musaeum (institute) for philosophy and research at Alexandria by Ptolemy I Soter about 280 BCE.[17] The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens.[18] However, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill and died there of old age and was subsequently buried there as well.[19] Most visited museums Main article: List of most visited art museums in the world Audio tour Cell phone tour Museum education Exhibition history Fire Museum Green museum International Museum Day (May 18) List of museums List of transport museums Police Museum Postal museum Public memory Virtual Library museums pages